The damage control concrete strain has been defined based on conservative estimates of confined concrete strain capacity based on the Mander, Priestley , and Park energy balance approach(1988). The steel strain been established based on experimental evidence and allows for eyelie damage to reinforcement.

JAMES M., KOWALSKY M. (2001). "INFLUENCE OF TENSION STRAIN ON BUCKLING OF REINFORCEMENT IN RC BRIDGE COLUMNS". NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY